The History of Waltham Abbey
New Church Guidebook now available
The first known church in Waltham was built c.610 at the bidding of Sabert, King of the East Saxons and nephew of Ethelbert of Kent. It was a small wooden building, lying within the choir of the present Abbey Church, and would have been a Minster – a church built by a landowner to serve the people who lived in the surrounding area, for this was before the days of parishes, each with its own church. Waltham was the centre of the royal hunting park, and remained a royal property for many centuries.
After Sabert’s death in 617 and the East Saxon kingdom reverted to paganism and did not become Christian again until near the end of the 7th century, with the coming of St Cedd. Sabert’s church, or the memory of it, must have survived, for, in the second half of the 8th century, when the East Saxons had come under the rule of Offa of Mercia, a stone church was built around it, similar to other churches built by Viking settlements in the 9th and 10th Centuries, the church here clearly remained “in business” as the new settlers were converted to Christianity.
During the reign of Cnut (1016-1035), Waltham was given by the king to Tofig, one of his court, who also owned manors in Somerset, and on one of them, a large stone crucifix was found buried in the top of a hill. This was brought to Waltham and hung in Offa’s church, where it soon became an object of pilgrimage for people who came seeking healing by praying before it. It should be stressed that only the most ignorant believed that the Cross itself had healing powers – the cures came from the faith of those who used it as a focus of their thoughts and prayers.
One
of those healed by a pilgrimage to Waltham was Harold Godwinson, at that time
Earl of Essex and East Anglia and by then the owner of the manor of Waltham. In
gratitude, he rebuilt the church on a grander scale, and, when it was
consecrated to the Holy Cross in 1060, set up a college of 16 lay canons to
serve it and the other villages in the area with which he endowed his
foundation. The canons were priests, but they lived in their own houses in the
town, and, like most priests at that time, they were allowed to marry and could
bequeath their canonries to their sons. Harold’s church building, however, did
not long survive, but was replaced in the early 12th century with a new
building, the nave of which is still the parish church.
In 1177, Henry II, as part of his penitence for the murder of Thomas Becket, refounded Harold’s college as a priory of Augustinian canons regular – that is, priests who lived together under rule, like monks, but, unlike monks, were not confined within the walls of their monastery, but went out, like their predecessors, to serve the surrounding villages. In 1184, Henry raised his foundation to the status of an abbey, with an abbot, a prior and twenty four canons. The abbot was given the right to wear a ring and a mitre, and a seat on the King’s Council, and the abbey was exempted from the jurisdiction of the bishop, the abbot being responsible directly to the king (this status as a Royal Peculiar was enjoyed by Waltham until 1865, when most of the Royal Peculiars were abolished). Waltham became the most important of all the Augustinian houses in England, and chapters of the order were often held here. The chancel of the Minster church was demolished, and a great new choir and presbytery were built on the east end of the parish nave, making the church three times its present length.
The abbey prospered, and maintained a good reputation, even when monasticism began to decline and fall into disrepute in the 16th century. It was a favourite place to visit for many kings, both for hunting and for religious reasons. Henry VIII particularly valued Waltham as a place to escape the cares of state and enjoy hunting and discussion with the Abbot, a very learned man. During one of his visits, two of his bishops, Fox and Gardner, had a discussion about the king’s marriage problems with Thomas Cranmer, a Cambridge scholar, who was staying with relations here, which led to England breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church. “Superstitious practices”, such as pilgrimages, were abolished in 1536 and it was probably then that the Holy Cross of Waltham ‘disappeared’. The dissolution of the monasteries began, but, probably because of Henry’s liking for Waltham, it was the last abbey (though not the last monastery) to be dissolved, and very nearly became a cathedral. The dissolution of the abbey was an economic disaster for the town, which had depended on it and the pilgrims for employment, and there must have been considerable hardship until the establishment of the gunpowder factory half a century later brought a new source of employment.
After the canons had gone, their part of the church and their domestic buildings were demolished for the valuable stone, but the churchwardens succeeded in saving the parish nave, as it had been the parish church since “time immemorial”. It became Church of England instead of Roman Catholic, and had only a curate instead of the Dean who had been its senior priest since Harold’s time (there was no vicar until 1865). A copy of the Cranmer Bible, named after the Archbishop who commissioned it, and Erasmus’s Paraphrases of the Gospels were chained in the church for anyone to read.
During
the reign of Mary I, when an attempt was made to return to Catholicism, a
blacksmith from Waltham, William Halliwell, was burned at the stake in
Stratford, for heresy, because he did not understand the Catholic teaching about
the bread and wine at Communion. His story was told by John Foxe in his ‘Acts
and Monuments’, or Book of Martyrs, the English version of which was written in
Waltham Abbey during the reign of Elizabeth I. Later, in the early 17th century,
that book and Bishop Jewel’s Apologia (a statement of the beliefs of the Church
of England) were hung on chains in the church (and in all parish churches)
instead of the Bible and Paraphrases, as Bibles by then were cheap enough for
families to have their own copies. Not everyone agreed with the teachings of the
Church of England, and at least one person from Waltham left for America for
religious reasons in 1630. Others were fined for not attending church services,
being either still Catholic, or belonging to one or other of the Protestant
sects.
During the Commonwealth, Parliament tried to force everyone in England to become Presbyterian, and Waltham had its own Presbytery, or council of elders, whose job was to enforce the rules of their religion, but the incumbent, Thomas Fuller, continued to hold Prayer Book services, and to defeat the elders in the ensuing arguments. All ceremonies (including Christmas) were abolished, and marriage became a civil matter, church weddings being forbidden. The local Justice of the Peace even fined himself for having his daughter married in church!
At the Restoration in 1660, Waltham returned to the pre-Commonwealth forms of worship, the abbey Church still being the only church in the town, but a few years before this, a meeting of the Society of Friends or Quakers was formed in the town and built a meeting-house in what is now Quaker Lane. This was not well received by many of the townsfolk, and when George Fox, the Quakers’ founder, visited the town in 1654, he said, “the people were very rude, gathered about the house and broke the windows”. Quakers were subjected to fines on people who did not attend Church of England services regularly, and the goods of some Waltham Quakers were confiscated and stored in the church crypt when the owners did not pay their fines. The meeting-house later became a school, but was demolished in 1844, when the Quakers left Waltham.
The Church at Waltham continued to flourish, having a succession of able incumbents, even during the late 18th century, when many parishes suffered from absentee vicars. Waltham did, in fact, have one such, but fortunately he appointed good curates in his place. During the late 19th century, the people of Upshire, who had always been in the parish of Waltham Abbey, and had a long way to come to church, began to have services in their school hall. In 1904 the then owner of Warlies, Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton, had St Thomas’s church built for them, and Upshire became a separate parish. In 1974, after the building of the large Ninefields estate at the east end of the town, St Lawrence Church, Ninefields was established, holding services in the school hall (it is necessary to add ‘Ninefields’ to the dedication, as the Abbey Church is also dedicated to St Lawrence). This has since become a District Church, the first step towards becoming a separate parish. In 1998, a new arrangement was made, whereby the Abbey Church of Holy Cross and St Lawrence, St Thomas Upshire, Holy Innocents High Beach and St Lawrence Ninefields were joined together in a Team ministry in order to foster co-operation between the parishes and make more efficient use of the clergy available.
Book List
- The Legend of the Miraculous Cross of Waltham.
- The Church at Waltham, An Archaeological and Historical Review.
- The Guilds and Guild Chapels of Waltham Abbey.
- The Christian Symbolism of the Zodiac.
- Waltham Abbey Church. Stained Glass Windows.
- The Funerary Hatchments in Waltham Abbey Church, Essex.
- An Historical Tour of the Lady Chapel and Crypt of the parish Church of Waltham Holy Cross and St. Lawrence, Waltham Abbey, Essex.
- The Waltham Abbey Doom Painting.
- The Denny Monument.
- The Smith Tomb.
- Lifetimes of Achievement. The People Commemorated in the Waltham Abbey Memorials.
- The Bells of Waltham Abbey.
- A Walk round Waltham Abbey.
- The Memorial Inscriptions in the Church of the Holy Cross and St. Lawrence at Waltham Abbey.
- King Harold’s Statue at Waltham Abbey.
All are available in the Visitor’s Centre in the Lady Chapel. A full range of other leaflets, guides, postcards and gifts is also available.
